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Introduction
The unit 'Light and shadows' introduced # to the relationship between light, an object and the formation of shadows. ^ has observed the apparent movement of the Sun and the associated changes in shadows. ~ experimental and investigative work focused on * making and recording ~ own measurements and observations and drawing ~ own conclusions. ^ has suggested ~ own explanations for ~ observations and ~ conclusions. The work in this unit also offered * several opportunities to explain shadows using ~ scientific knowledge. ^ has recognised the hazards and risks in looking at the Sun.
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Shadows
Section 2: Making shadows

^ recognises that light can be blocked by objects and shadows are formed.
^ knows that when light from sources other than the Sun is blocked shadows are formed.
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Shadows 2
Section 3: Sunlight and shadows

^ has identified e.g. in drawings that the shape of the shadow is like the shape of the object and it is different at different times of day.
^ is able to explain that the light has been blocked by the object and this is what causes the shadow.


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Changes
Section 4: How shadows change through the day

^ was able to describe what happens to the shadow of the stick during the course of the day e.g. it gets shorter and then longer again and ^ could predict what the shadow will be like at an intermediate time.
^ has makde accurate measurements of the length of the shadows.
^ can, with help, present ~ results in a table and construct a bar chart.
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Movement
Section 5: Where does the Sun shine?

^ was able to describe how the position of the Sun appears to change in relation to ~ classroom  during the day.
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Observations
Section 6: Observing the position of the Sun

# was able to generalise that when the Sun is behind an object the shadow is in front.
^ has stated that the shadows change in a similar way each day and that shadows are shortest in the middle of the day.
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Orbit
Section 7: Showing how the Earth spins

^ recognises that the higher the Sun appears in the sky the shorter the shadow.
^ knows that the apparent movement of the Sun is due to the movement of the Earth. 


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Sundials
Section 8: Sundials

^ has described how a sundial was used to tell the time and ^ could explain their limitations in ~ climate.


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Materials
^ could predict that the opaque materials would form shadows.
^ was able to identify results that were unexpected e.g. the plastic bottle made a pale shadow, the nylon and greaseproof paper let some light through.
# could make a generalisation e.g. opaque materials form dark shadows because they do not let any light through, and even transparent materials can make a faint shadow because they block some light.
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